Types of Addiction: From Substances to Behavioral Disorders

Understanding Addiction: A Comprehensive Exploration of Its Nature, Causes, Effects, and Treatment Addiction is one of the most complex and ...

Understanding Addiction: A Comprehensive Exploration of Its Nature, Causes, Effects, and Treatment

Addiction is one of the most complex and misunderstood phenomena in human behavior. It affects millions of individuals across the globe, cutting across age, gender, socioeconomic status, and cultural backgrounds. While often associated with substance abuse—such as alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs—addiction can also manifest in behaviors like gambling, gaming, shopping, or even eating. At its core, addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences. This comprehensive blog aims to explore the multifaceted nature of addiction, delving into its definitions, neurobiological underpinnings, psychological and social influences, types, consequences, and available treatment options. By understanding addiction in depth, we can foster empathy, reduce stigma, and support more effective prevention and recovery strategies.

 What Is Addiction?

Addiction is a condition in which a person engages in the use of a substance or in a behavior, such as gambling or internet use, for which the rewarding effects provide a compelling incentive to repeat the activity, despite detrimental consequences. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) defines addiction as a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual’s life experiences. People with addiction use substances or engage in behaviors that become compulsive and often continue despite harmful outcomes.

One of the defining features of addiction is the loss of control. Individuals may intend to use a substance or engage in a behavior only occasionally or in moderation, but over time, they find themselves unable to stop, even when they want to. This inability to control use persists despite the development of physical, emotional, or social problems. Another hallmark of addiction is continued use despite negative consequences. For example, someone may continue drinking alcohol even after losing their job, damaging relationships, or experiencing health problems.

Addiction is not simply a matter of weak willpower or poor moral character, as it is sometimes wrongly perceived. Instead, it is a medical condition that involves changes in brain structure and function. These changes affect the way individuals think, feel, and behave, making recovery a complex and often lengthy process. Understanding addiction as a disease rather than a choice is crucial for reducing stigma and encouraging individuals to seek help.

 The Science of Addiction: How the Brain is Affected

To understand addiction fully, it is essential to examine how it affects the brain. The brain is a highly complex organ that governs all human behavior, emotions, and bodily functions. It is composed of billions of neurons—nerve cells—that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. One of the key systems involved in addiction is the brain’s reward system, which plays a central role in motivation, pleasure, and reinforcement of behaviors.

The reward system is primarily driven by a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine is released in response to pleasurable experiences, such as eating, having sex, or achieving a goal. This release reinforces the behavior, making it more likely to be repeated in the future. In a healthy brain, dopamine levels rise and fall in a regulated manner, ensuring that behaviors are balanced and adaptive.

However, addictive substances and behaviors can hijack this natural reward system. Drugs such as cocaine, heroin, nicotine, and alcohol cause a surge in dopamine levels that is much greater than what occurs during natural rewards. For example, some drugs can cause dopamine levels to increase two to ten times more than natural rewards. This intense dopamine release produces a powerful feeling of euphoria, or “high,” which reinforces the desire to use the substance again.

Over time, repeated exposure to addictive substances or behaviors leads to changes in the brain. The brain begins to adapt to the excessive dopamine by reducing its natural production or decreasing the number of dopamine receptors. As a result, individuals may find that they no longer experience pleasure from activities they once enjoyed, such as spending time with loved ones or engaging in hobbies. This condition is known as anhedonia, and it contributes to the cycle of addiction.

Moreover, the brain’s prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for decision-making, impulse control, and judgment, becomes impaired in individuals with addiction. This region helps regulate behavior by evaluating consequences and exerting self-control. However, chronic substance use weakens the prefrontal cortex, making it harder for individuals to resist cravings or make healthy choices. This neurological impairment explains why people with addiction may continue using despite knowing the risks.

Another critical brain region involved in addiction is the amygdala, which processes emotions such as fear, anxiety, and stress. In addiction, the amygdala becomes hyperactive, contributing to negative emotional states when the substance is not available. This leads to withdrawal symptoms and intense cravings, which drive the person to use again to relieve discomfort. The interplay between the reward system, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala creates a powerful cycle of compulsive use and relapse.

Neuroimaging studies have provided compelling evidence of these brain changes. Functional MRI scans show that individuals with addiction exhibit altered activity in brain regions associated with reward, motivation, memory, and self-control. These changes can persist long after substance use has stopped, which is why addiction is considered a chronic condition. Even after detoxification and periods of abstinence, the brain may remain vulnerable to relapse due to ingrained neural pathways and conditioned responses.

It is also important to note that not everyone who uses a substance or engages in a behavior will develop an addiction. Genetic, environmental, and developmental factors play a significant role in determining an individual’s vulnerability. For example, some people may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more sensitive to the effects of certain drugs or more likely to experience intense cravings. Others may have experienced trauma, chronic stress, or mental health disorders that increase their risk.

 Types of Addiction

Addiction can be broadly categorized into two main types: substance addiction and behavioral addiction. While they differ in the nature of the addictive agent, both share common features, including compulsive engagement, loss of control, and continued use despite harm.

Substance Addiction

Substance addiction involves the compulsive use of chemical substances that alter the brain’s function. Common substances include alcohol, nicotine, opioids, stimulants, cannabis, and sedatives. Each substance has unique effects on the brain and body, but all can lead to dependence and addiction when used repeatedly.

Alcohol Addiction (Alcohol Use Disorder): Alcohol is one of the most widely used and abused substances in the world. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by an inability to control drinking, preoccupation with alcohol, continued use despite problems, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking. Chronic alcohol use can lead to liver disease, cardiovascular problems, cognitive impairments, and increased risk of accidents and violence.

Nicotine Addiction: Found primarily in tobacco products, nicotine is one of the most addictive substances known. It stimulates the release of dopamine, creating a pleasurable sensation that reinforces smoking. Despite widespread knowledge of the health risks, millions of people continue to smoke due to the powerful addictive properties of nicotine. Nicotine addiction is a leading cause of preventable death worldwide.

Opioid Addiction: Opioids include prescription painkillers like oxycodone and hydrocodone, as well as illegal drugs like heroin. These substances bind to opioid receptors in the brain, reducing pain and producing euphoria. The opioid crisis has become a major public health issue, with thousands of overdose deaths occurring each year. Opioid addiction often begins with legitimate medical use but can quickly escalate to misuse and dependence.

Stimulant Addiction: Stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine increase alertness, energy, and attention by boosting dopamine and norepinephrine levels. However, they also carry a high risk of addiction and severe health consequences, including heart problems, psychosis, and cognitive decline.

Cannabis Use Disorder: While cannabis is often perceived as less harmful than other drugs, regular and heavy use can lead to dependence. Symptoms include cravings, difficulty quitting, and withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, sleep disturbances, and decreased appetite.

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorder: This category includes drugs like benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax, Valium) and barbiturates, which are prescribed for anxiety and sleep disorders. Misuse can lead to tolerance, dependence, and dangerous withdrawal symptoms, including seizures.

Behavioral Addiction

Behavioral addictions, also known as process addictions, involve compulsive engagement in non-substance-related activities. Although not all behavioral addictions are officially recognized in diagnostic manuals like the DSM-5, growing evidence supports their classification as legitimate disorders.

Gambling Disorder: Gambling is the most well-established behavioral addiction. Individuals with gambling disorder experience persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior that leads to distress or impairment. They may chase losses, lie about their gambling, or rely on others to bail them out financially.

Internet and Gaming Addiction: With the rise of digital technology, excessive use of the internet, video games, or social media has become a growing concern. Internet gaming disorder is included in the DSM-5 as a condition for further study. Symptoms include preoccupation with gaming, withdrawal symptoms when not playing, and continued use despite negative consequences.

Shopping Addiction (Compulsive Buying Disorder): This involves excessive shopping or spending that leads to financial problems, relationship strain, and emotional distress. The act of purchasing provides temporary relief or pleasure, but it is often followed by guilt or regret.

Sex and Pornography Addiction: Some individuals develop compulsive patterns of sexual behavior or pornography use that interfere with daily functioning. While controversial, many clinicians recognize this as a form of behavioral addiction, particularly when it leads to distress or impairment.

Food Addiction: Although not officially recognized as a distinct disorder, some people exhibit addictive-like behaviors toward certain foods, especially those high in sugar, fat, and salt. Binge eating disorder shares many features with addiction, including loss of control and continued consumption despite negative outcomes.

Exercise Addiction: While regular exercise is beneficial, excessive and compulsive exercise can become problematic. Individuals may continue exercising despite injury, illness, or interference with work and relationships.

Both substance and behavioral addictions activate the brain’s reward system and lead to similar patterns of compulsive behavior, tolerance, and withdrawal. The distinction between them is increasingly blurred as research reveals shared neurobiological mechanisms.

 Risk Factors for Addiction

Addiction does not develop in a vacuum. It arises from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Understanding these risk factors can help identify individuals who may be more vulnerable and inform prevention strategies.

Genetic Factors

Genetics play a significant role in addiction. Studies of twins and families have shown that genetic factors account for about 40 to 60 percent of the risk for substance use disorders. Specific genes may influence how individuals respond to drugs, how quickly they develop tolerance, or how prone they are to impulsivity and sensation-seeking behaviors.

For example, variations in genes related to dopamine receptors and transporters can affect the brain’s reward system and increase susceptibility to addiction. Similarly, genes involved in stress response and emotional regulation may contribute to the likelihood of using substances as a coping mechanism.

Brain Development

The brain continues to develop well into early adulthood, particularly the prefrontal cortex, which governs decision-making and self-control. Adolescents and young adults are therefore more vulnerable to addiction because their brains are still maturing. Early exposure to substances can disrupt normal brain development and increase the risk of long-term addiction.

Mental Health Disorders

There is a strong link between addiction and mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Many individuals with mental health disorders turn to substances or addictive behaviors as a form of self-medication to alleviate symptoms. This is known as dual diagnosis or co-occurring disorders.

For example, someone with social anxiety may use alcohol to feel more comfortable in social situations. Over time, this coping mechanism can evolve into alcohol dependence. Treating both the addiction and the underlying mental health condition is essential for effective recovery.

Environmental Influences

The environment in which a person lives can significantly influence their risk of addiction. Factors such as family dynamics, peer pressure, socioeconomic status, and exposure to trauma all play a role.

Family History: Growing up in a household where substance use is normalized increases the likelihood of developing addiction. Children of parents with alcohol use disorder, for example, are at higher risk even if they are raised in a different environment.

Peer Influence: Especially during adolescence, peer pressure can lead to experimentation with drugs or alcohol. Associating with peers who use substances increases the chances of developing addictive behaviors.

Trauma and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Exposure to abuse, neglect, violence, or household dysfunction in childhood is strongly linked to addiction later in life. ACEs can alter brain development and increase vulnerability to stress and emotional dysregulation.

Stress and Socioeconomic Factors: Chronic stress, unemployment, poverty, and lack of access to education or healthcare can contribute to substance use as a means of escape or coping.

Personality Traits

Certain personality traits are associated with a higher risk of addiction. These include impulsivity, sensation-seeking, low self-esteem, and difficulty managing emotions. Individuals who are prone to boredom or who struggle with delayed gratification may be more likely to engage in risky behaviors, including substance use.

 The Stages of Addiction

Addiction typically develops in stages, although the progression can vary from person to person. Understanding these stages can help identify early warning signs and intervene before the condition becomes severe.

1. Experimentation

The first stage often begins with voluntary use. This may occur out of curiosity, peer pressure, or a desire to escape emotional pain. Experimentation is common during adolescence and young adulthood and does not necessarily lead to addiction. However, repeated use increases the risk.

2. Regular Use

As use becomes more frequent, it may shift from occasional to regular. The individual may begin using the substance or behavior to cope with stress, enhance performance, or feel pleasure. At this stage, use may still be under control, but dependence can start to develop.

3. Risky Use/Abuse

Risky use involves continued engagement despite negative consequences. The person may neglect responsibilities, engage in dangerous behaviors (e.g., driving under the influence), or experience relationship problems. Tolerance may begin to develop, requiring larger amounts to achieve the same effect.

4. Dependence

Dependence occurs when the body adapts to the presence of the substance, leading to withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. These symptoms can be physical (e.g., tremors, nausea) or psychological (e.g., anxiety, irritability). The individual may feel unable to function without the substance.

5. Addiction

In the final stage, the behavior becomes compulsive and out of control. The person continues using despite severe consequences, such as health problems, legal issues, or loss of relationships. Cravings are intense, and attempts to quit often result in relapse.

It is important to note that not everyone progresses through all stages, and some individuals may skip stages or cycle between them. Early intervention can prevent the progression from experimentation to full-blown addiction.

 The Impact of Addiction

The consequences of addiction are far-reaching, affecting the individual, their family, and society as a whole.

Physical Health Effects

Chronic substance use can lead to a wide range of health problems, depending on the substance. Alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, and cardiovascular disease. Tobacco use is linked to cancer, respiratory diseases, and stroke. Opioid use increases the risk of overdose, infectious diseases (from needle sharing), and hormonal imbalances. Stimulants can cause heart attacks, seizures, and psychiatric disorders.

Behavioral addictions also take a toll on physical health. Compulsive gambling may lead to poor sleep, neglect of self-care, and stress-related illnesses. Excessive gaming can result in sedentary lifestyle, eye strain, and musculoskeletal problems.

Mental Health Consequences

Addiction and mental health are deeply intertwined. Substance use can exacerbate or trigger mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Conversely, individuals with mental health conditions are more likely to develop addiction. This bidirectional relationship makes treatment more complex.

Social and Relationship Impacts

Addiction often damages relationships with family, friends, and colleagues. Trust is eroded, communication breaks down, and conflicts increase. Children of parents with addiction may experience neglect, abuse, or emotional trauma, increasing their own risk of developing addictive behaviors.

Economic and Legal Consequences

The financial burden of addiction can be devastating. Money may be spent on substances, legal fees, medical bills, or lost wages. Legal problems, such as arrests for DUI or possession, can lead to incarceration, loss of employment, or difficulty finding housing.

Societal Costs

On a broader scale, addiction imposes significant costs on society. Healthcare systems are strained by the treatment of addiction-related illnesses. Productivity losses due to absenteeism and impaired performance affect the economy. Crime rates may increase, and public safety can be compromised.

 Diagnosis and Assessment

Diagnosing addiction involves a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides criteria for substance use disorders, which are based on symptoms such as impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria (tolerance and withdrawal).

For behavioral addictions, diagnostic criteria are still evolving. Clinicians rely on clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires, and observation to assess the severity and impact of the behavior.

 Treatment Approaches

Effective treatment for addiction is multifaceted and tailored to the individual’s needs. There is no one-size-fits-all solution, and recovery often requires long-term support.

Detoxification

The first step in treating substance addiction is often detoxification, which involves safely managing withdrawal symptoms under medical supervision. Detox alone is not sufficient for long-term recovery but is a necessary precursor to further treatment.

Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)

MAT combines medications with counseling and behavioral therapies. For opioid addiction, medications like methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone can reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms. For alcohol use disorder, medications such as disulfiram, acamprosate, and naltrexone are used.

Behavioral Therapies

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing, contingency management, and family therapy are effective in helping individuals change their thoughts and behaviors related to addiction. These therapies address underlying issues, develop coping skills, and improve emotional regulation.

Support Groups

Peer support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA), and SMART Recovery provide a sense of community and accountability. They offer a structured program and a safe space to share experiences and receive encouragement.

Residential and Outpatient Programs

Inpatient rehabilitation provides intensive, structured care in a controlled environment. Outpatient programs offer flexibility for individuals who need to maintain work or family responsibilities.

Holistic and Alternative Therapies

Some individuals benefit from mindfulness, yoga, art therapy, or nutritional counseling as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

 Recovery and Relapse

Recovery from addiction is a lifelong journey. Relapse is common and should be viewed as part of the process rather than a failure. With ongoing support, individuals can achieve sustained remission and improve their quality of life.

 Prevention

Prevention strategies include education, early intervention, mental health support, and policies that reduce access to addictive substances. Community programs, school-based initiatives, and family involvement are key components.

 Conclusion

Addiction is a complex, chronic disease that affects the brain, behavior, and overall well-being. It is not a moral failing but a medical condition that requires compassion, understanding, and evidence-based treatment. By recognizing the biological, psychological, and social factors involved, we can reduce stigma and support individuals on their path to recovery. Through education, prevention, and accessible care, society can better address the challenges of addiction and promote healthier, more resilient communities.

Common Doubt clarified

1.What is addiction? 

Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli—such as substance use or certain behaviors—despite harmful consequences. It involves changes in brain function, particularly in areas related to reward, motivation, and self-control.

2.Is addiction a disease or a choice? 

Addiction is recognized as a medical disease, not simply a matter of willpower or poor choices. While initial substance use may be voluntary, repeated use alters brain chemistry, leading to compulsive behavior that is difficult to control.

3. Can someone be addicted to more than one substance? 

Yes, it is common for individuals to develop addictions to multiple substances, a condition known as polysubstance use. For example, someone may be addicted to both alcohol and opioids.

4. What are the most common types of addiction? 

The most common types include alcohol addiction, nicotine/tobacco addiction, opioid addiction, stimulant addiction (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine), cannabis use disorder, gambling disorder, and internet/gaming addiction.

5. How does addiction affect the brain? 

Addiction disrupts the brain’s reward system by flooding it with dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked to pleasure and motivation. Over time, the brain adapts by reducing dopamine production or receptor sensitivity, leading to tolerance, dependence, and impaired decision-making.

6. What is the difference between dependence and addiction? 

Dependence refers to the body’s physical adaptation to a substance, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when use stops. Addiction involves both physical and psychological components, including compulsive use despite negative consequences.

7.Can behavioral activities be addictive? 

Yes, behaviors such as gambling, gaming, shopping, sex, and eating can become addictive. These are often called process or behavioral addictions and share many features with substance addictions.

8.How do I know if I or someone I love has an addiction? 

Signs include loss of control over use, continued use despite negative consequences, cravings, withdrawal symptoms, neglecting responsibilities, and spending excessive time obtaining or recovering from the substance or behavior.

9. What causes addiction? 

Addiction results from a combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. These include family history, mental health conditions, trauma, peer influence, and early exposure to substances.

10. Are some people more likely to develop addiction than others? 

Yes, certain risk factors increase vulnerability, such as a family history of addiction, co-occurring mental health disorders, childhood trauma, early substance use, and impulsive personality traits.

11.Can addiction be cured? 

While there is no definitive “cure” for addiction, it can be effectively managed with treatment and ongoing support. Many people achieve long-term recovery and live healthy, fulfilling lives.

12. What is withdrawal? 

Withdrawal refers to the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance after developing dependence. Symptoms vary by substance but may include anxiety, nausea, tremors, insomnia, and seizures.

13. How long does withdrawal last? 

The duration of withdrawal depends on the substance, duration of use, and individual factors. For example, alcohol withdrawal may last days to weeks, while opioid withdrawal typically peaks within 72 hours and subsides in a week.

14. What is detoxification? 

Detoxification (detox) is the process of safely removing a substance from the body under medical supervision. It manages withdrawal symptoms and prepares the individual for further treatment.

15.Is detox enough to treat addiction? 

No, detox alone is not sufficient for long-term recovery. It addresses physical dependence but does not treat the psychological, behavioral, and social aspects of addiction. Ongoing therapy and support are essential.

16. What is medication-assisted treatment (MAT)? 

MAT combines FDA-approved medications with counseling and behavioral therapies to treat substance use disorders. It is commonly used for opioid and alcohol addiction.

17.What medications are used in addiction treatment? 

Examples include methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone for opioid use disorder; disulfiram, acamprosate, and naltrexone for alcohol use disorder; and nicotine replacement therapies for tobacco addiction.

18.What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)? 

CBT is a form of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors related to addiction. It teaches coping skills and strategies to prevent relapse.

19.Are support groups helpful in recovery? 

Yes, support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA), and SMART Recovery provide peer support, accountability, and structured programs that enhance long-term recovery.

20. What is a relapse? 

Relapse is the return to substance use or addictive behavior after a period of abstinence. It is common in addiction and should be viewed as part of the recovery process, not a failure.

21. Can a person recover without treatment? 

Some individuals achieve recovery without formal treatment through self-help, lifestyle changes, or natural recovery. However, professional treatment significantly improves the chances of sustained recovery.

22.What role does mental health play in addiction? 

Mental health and addiction are closely linked. Conditions like depression, anxiety, PTSD, and ADHD often co-occur with addiction. Treating both issues simultaneously—known as dual diagnosis—is crucial for recovery.

23.Can teenagers become addicted? 

Yes, adolescents are particularly vulnerable to addiction due to ongoing brain development. Early substance use increases the risk of long-term addiction and can interfere with cognitive and emotional growth.

24.Is prescription drug use addictive? 

Yes, certain prescription medications—especially opioids, benzodiazepines, and stimulants—can be addictive, even when taken as directed. Misuse or prolonged use increases the risk of dependence and addiction.

25. How does addiction affect families? 

Addiction can strain relationships, lead to financial problems, cause emotional distress, and contribute to domestic conflict or child neglect. Family therapy is often an important part of treatment.

26.What is harm reduction? 

Harm reduction is an approach that aims to minimize the negative consequences of substance use without requiring abstinence. Examples include needle exchange programs, supervised injection sites, and naloxone distribution.

27.Can you be addicted to food? 

While not officially recognized as a distinct disorder, some people exhibit addictive-like behaviors toward certain foods—especially those high in sugar, fat, and salt. Binge eating disorder shares many features with addiction.

28.Is gambling considered an addiction? 

Yes, gambling disorder is recognized in the DSM-5 as a behavioral addiction. It involves persistent and problematic gambling behavior that leads to significant distress or impairment.

29. How is internet or gaming addiction treated? 

Treatment may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, family counseling, digital detox, time management strategies, and support groups. In severe cases, residential treatment may be necessary.

30. What should I do if a loved one refuses help for addiction? 

You can express concern without judgment, set healthy boundaries, encourage treatment, and seek support for yourself through groups like Al-Anon. Avoid enabling behaviors and consider a professional intervention.

31.What is an intervention? 

An intervention is a structured conversation led by a professional or loved ones to encourage someone with addiction to accept treatment. It involves expressing concern, sharing specific examples, and presenting a treatment plan.

32. Are there different levels of addiction treatment? 

Yes, treatment ranges from outpatient counseling to intensive inpatient rehabilitation. The appropriate level depends on the severity of addiction, co-occurring conditions, and individual needs.

33. How long does addiction treatment usually last? 

Treatment duration varies. Short-term programs may last 28–30 days, while longer-term programs can extend to 90 days or more. Ongoing therapy and support are often needed for months or years.

34.Can faith or spirituality help in recovery? 

For many, faith and spirituality provide strength, purpose, and community support during recovery. Programs like 12-step groups often incorporate spiritual principles, though they are not religiously exclusive.

35.Where can I get help for addiction? 

Help is available through healthcare providers, addiction treatment centers, mental health professionals, support groups, national helplines (e.g., SAMHSA’s National Helpline), and online resources. Seeking help is the first step toward recovery.

Medical Disclaimer: The information provided on this website is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.